Respiratory Airway/Respiration :-

Nose :-

It is first part of  respiratory air way that is located in between both orbits.

Anatomically Nose heaving two openings –

A) Anterior nasal Orifies / Porse :-

nasal cavity opens exterior through anterior nasal pores.

B) Posterior Nasal Pores :-

These are located posteriorly through while nasal cavity opens in nose pharynox posterior 

Respiration in NASAL SEPTUM :-

1. It is a anatomical strcture that divide’s nasal cavity into two compartments right and left.
2. Posterior half part of nasal septum is made of bone. 
3. Anterior half part of nasal septum is made of elastic cartilage.

Mucus Membrane of Nose :-

1. It lines nasal cavity.
2. Mucus secrating cell are pre.in nasal mucosa. 
3. Hair folids are pre. in nasal mucosa. 
4. Para nasal cynes (funtal cynes, maxilary cynes, ethmoid cynes) opens in nasal cavity through in nasal mucosa.

Naso Lecrimal Duct :-

1. It is a tubular strcature that aries from lecrimal sac and pre in letral wall of nose.
2. It Opens into nasal cavity.
3. Different bone that folds wall of nose are –  
   1. Nasal Bone’s
   2. Ethmoid Bone
   3. Maxilla Bone
   4. Nasal Concha
   5. Womer

Functions :-

1.Transportation:-  Air during inhalation and exhalation transmits transmits through nose.

2. Filtration :- Dust particles are traped nasal mucosed.

3. Humidification :- In healed air become most when it comes in contact with mucus. 

4. Warmification :- In healed , air becomes warm when it comes in contact with mucus membrane.

5. Resonence :- Nose provides resonance to voice to voice ( para nasal cynes P.N.C. )

6. Allfection :- Nerve ending of allfectory nerve are pre. in mucus membrane of nose.

Nerve ending stimulats when desolved small particles comes in contact.

As a result dipolerization occures and impulse  generate.

Generated nerve impulse conduct upto allfectory centres that are pre. in brain (ceribrum)

Sense of small occurs after inter pretation.

Trachea :-

• This is a cartilaginous tube between the larynx and the lungs. It is a made of C is placed at the back and is covered by fibrous tissue.
• The cartilage rings hold the trachea open for the passage of air.  The goblet cells secrete mucus.

Larynx :-

It is also known as voice box .

It is a part of respiratory air way that is pre. in mid axis of Neck.

Superiorly it is continous as pharynx while inferiorly its continous as trachea. 

Anatomical Relation :-

Anterior :- Skin , superficial fascie difascia.

Letarly :- Thyroid lobes and carotid verseles, nerve fibers.

Superiorly pharynx, hyoid bone

Inferiorly :-

First tracheal cartilage wall of larynx:-

wall of laynx consist cartilages.

Cartilages are inter connected with the help of ligaments are –

Unpaired cartilage

1. Epiglotis
2.  Thyroid
3. Cricoide

Paired cartilage

1. Arytenoid cartilage
2. Corniculate cartilage
3. Cunieform cartilage

1. Nine cartilages are pre. in wall of larynx.

2. Epiglotis is a elastic cartilage 

3. It is a lid like structure that closes in-large of larynx during deglutition (swalowing) 

4. Thyroid cartilage having two plates.

5. Both plates form in accute angle in mid axis of Anterior wals of larynx.

6. This angle is more prominant in male and it is called adams apple.

7. Cricoad cartilage is a ring shaped cartilage that is pre. below to thyroid cartilage and above to first tracheal cartilage.

8. Arytenoid cartilage is a paired cartilage and pre. in posterior wall of larynx.

9. It is conical in shape .

10. Corniculate cartilage is a paired cartilage and pre. in posterior wall of larynx.

11. Couniform cartilage is also a paired cartilage and pre. in posterior wall of larynx.

Mucus Membran :-

1. It is inner most layer of larynx.

2. It lines larynx interiorly.

3. Ciliated columnor epithelial cells lines mucus membrane. Mucus secrating columnor cells.

4. Blood vessels, nerve fibers, limph vessels and lymphoid folids are fire is sub – mucosal resion.

5. Mucus membrane is modified and forms folds.

6. The fold of mucus membrane that are pre. in inlate of larynx are called fowls vocal cord.

7. Another two folds of mucus membrane pre. below to fowls vocal cord are called true vocal cord.

8. True vocal cord are arranged in ‘V’ shaped. 

9. Anteriorly vocal cords are attached with a thyroid cartilage.

10. Posteriorly attached with arytenoid cartilage. Vocal cords are related to voice production. 

11. A space that is pre. in between true vocal cord is called rimoglotis.

Blood Supply :-

Arterial supply vein – laringial artry , laringial vein

Nerve supply – recrunt laringial nerve.

Functions :-

1. It transports air during inhalation and exhalation .

2. Humidification

3. Warmification

4. Filtration

5. Phagasytosis:- Tymphoi[ez-toc]d folids form antibodies and lymphocyte cells that degrate micraps.

Voice Production :-

Vocal cords are pre. in larynx that vibrats during forcefull flow of air and voice production accure high pitch voice production occures in female as more cords.

– Lord voice production or low pitch voice in male is due to low tendency in vocal cord.

Trachea :-

Defination :-

It is a wind pipe that pre. in mid axis of neck and in superior or media sternum.

It is a tubular structure that is pre below to larynx and runs down word up to cornia.

Length :-

It’s normal length is 10.5 cm

Anatomical Relations :-

Anterior :- Skin , superfacial fecia and deep facio

Laterly :- curotid vessels 

Superiorly :- Larynx

Inferiorly :- Bronchus

Posterirly :- Essophagus

Blood Supply :-

Arterial :- 

1. Branches of inferior thyroid artery 

2. Lower part is supplied by Branches of Bronchia artery

Veinus Collection :- 

1. Vein yellow artery

2. Nerve Supply – Autonomic nerve intervent.

Histology :-

Histologicaly different layers are pre. in it’s wall

A) Fiberus Layer (outer) :- 

It is made of fibrous connective tissue

B) Cartilagenus Layer :-

C – shaped cartilages are pre. in this layer 

Skin area of cartilage is directed posteriorly.

Tracheal muscles is pre. in skin area.

C) Sub-mucosal layer :- 

It is made of arealor connective tissue.

Blood vessels, nerve vessels , nerve fiberus , lymphoid fluids are also pre. in this layer.

D) Mucus membrane :-

It is inner most layer that is lined up by ciliated columnar epithelial cells 

Mucus secrating cells are pre.

Function:-

1. Transportation of air 
2. Humidification
3. Warmification
4. Filtration
5. Phagacytosis

Bronchus :-

 

Defination:- It is a part of a respiration airway that are pre. in medisternum. There are two branches – Right and Left 

• Both Branches aries from trachea
• Terminal end of Bronchus enters in lung through root of lung .
• Each Bronchus devides in secondary Bronchealus
• Two in left side and three in right side.

Blood Supply :-

Broncheal Artery

Veinus Collection – Broncheal vein 

Nerve Supply – Autonomic nerve ineratis

Histology :-

A) Fiber’s layer(outer)

B) Cartilagenus Layer :-

Broncheal muscles are pre. in skip area.

C) Sub Mucosa

D) Mucus Membrane 

Function :-

• Transportation
• Filtration
• Humidification
• Phagocytosis

Broncheal Tree :-

• Primary Bronchus inters in lung paranchyma through root of lung.
• Primary Bronchus divide in secondary and tersory bronchus
• Tersory bronchus ferther dicide 5-6 types.
• As bronchus divide it’s lumane becomes narrow and size of cartilage becomes small.
• Size of broncheal muscles becomes large.
• At the level of respirotry broncheal cartilage is absent in it’s wall.
• Broncheal muscle’s ancirkil wall of respiratory broncheal.
• Respiratory bronchioles opens in alveolar duct and alveoli.

Alveoli :-

• It is a terminal part of respiratory air way in which alveolar duct’s open.
• It is conical in shaped.
• It’s base is directed toward’s peripharilly while apex is directed towards root of lung.
• Lung alveoli is lined up by squamus epithelial cells.

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Respiration & Breathing :-

BREATHING :-

Principal:- Air always moves from High Pressure to Low Pressure 

Their are two types of breathing :-

1.  Inhalation (Inspiration)

2.  Exhalation (Expiration)

Inhalation :-

Inhalation is represent (U,F,O) .

U:- Upward

F:- Forward

O:- Outward

The contraction of Inter coastal muscles will be done.

During Inhalation the Diaphragm was also play an important role in Breathing . During Inhalation the diaphragm will flate because they support to the Inhalation. Ribs and sternum raised and they represent (U.F.O.= Upward, Forward and Outward.)

When we Inhale then the Diaphragm will move downward because we want to increase volume inside the thoraic cavity

When we Inhale then the volume of Thoraic Cavity will be increase.
When we Inhale then the Pressure of Thoracic cavity will be decrease as compare to the outermost atmosphere.

Exhalation :-

IN the Exhalation is Ribs moves in the form of (D.B.I.)

D:- Downward

B:- Backward

I:- Inward

During Expiration the ribs and sternum moves/returned to original position and then the Volume of thorax decreased. 

When the Ribs and Sternum will become their original position/shape then the volume of thorax will be decreased and then the air expelled from lungs.

The inter coastal muscles will be relax when the Ribs come out their original position.

When we Exhale then the Diaphragm will move downward Ribs will move inward. Then the diaphragm becomes their original shape they become in the dome shape. When the diaphragm becomes dome shape then air come out side then we can easily Exhalation process and alveoli will contract during this process.

 

FORCEFUL BREATHING :-

Structure involves in forceful breathing.

1. Ribs 
2. External (Inter Coastal Muscles)
3. Diaphragm
4. Internal (Inter Coastal Muscles)
5. Abdominal Muscles

PULMONARY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES :-

1. Tidal Volume(T.V.):-    Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal  respiration(volume of air renewed in the respiratory system during each breathing).     500 ml   

2. Inspiratory reserve volume (I.R.V.) or complemental air :- Additional volume of air, that can inspire by forceful inspiration.  2500-3000 ml

3. Expiratory reserve volume(E.V.R.) or supplemental air :-  Additional volume of air, that can expire by  a forceful expiration.  1000-1100 ml     

4. Residal volume(R.V.) :-  Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forcible expiration.   1100-1200 ml   

PULMONARY CAPACITIES :-

1. Inspiration Capacity (I.C.) [T.V.+I.R.V.] :- Volume of air that can inspire after a normal expiration.  3000-3500 ml volume 

2. Expiration Capacity (E.C.)[T.V.+E.R.V.] :- Volume of air that can expire after a normal inspiration. 1500 – 1600 ml volume

3. Functional Residual Capacity(F.R.C.) :- Volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal expiration [E.R.V.+R.V.]. 2100 – 2300 ml volume

4. Vital Capacity (V.C.)[E.R.V.+T.V.+I.R.V.] :- Maximum volume of air that can breath in after a forced expiration or maximum volume of air that can breath out after a forced inspiration. 3500 – 4500 ml volume

5. Total Lung Capacity(T.L.C.) :- Total volume of air lungs after a maximum inspiration.[R.V. + E.R.V. + T.V. + I.R.V. or V.C. + R.V.] 5000 – 6000 ml volume

REGULATION OF BREATHING/RESPIRATION :-

1. Nervous:- The parts of brain which can help to breath 

1. Pons Varolhi:-  In the pons varolhi their are two parts :-

I).  Pneumotoxic Centre :- It is the switch off centre of the inhalation and inspiration . 

II). Apnestic Centre :- It is responsible for modulating the depth and rhythm of breathing.

2. Medulla Oblongata:- In the Medulla Oblongata is also two parts:-

 I). Dorsal Inspiratory Group :- They also control inspiration they control that how many time we will done inspiration.

II). Ventra Respiratory/Respiration Group :- They control both inspiration and expiration.

 

CHEMICAL :-     

Their are two chemical which can help to regulate the breathing 

1.  CO2(Carbon Dioxide )
2.  H+ Ions

• When the number of CO2 ions is more and H+ ions is also more than the rate of breathing rate that will be also more.
• When the number of CO2 ions is less and H+ ions is also less than the rate of breathing rate that will be also less.
• If their is no CO2 molecules than their no breathing can be done.

MECHANICAL :-

( Hering – Breur’s Reflex)

1. 1. Inhalation
   2. Bronchi and Bronchioles Stretch
   3. Strech receptors in their wall’s send impulse to brain
   4. Brain send’s message to stop inhalation and start exhalation.

 

GASEOUS EXCHANGE/INTERNAL RESPIRATION :-

Gaseous Exchange mainly depend’s upon 

1. Pressure / concentration gradient ( High Pressure to Low Pressure).

   2. Solubility of gases.

3. Thickness of membranes.

4. Surface area of repiratory membrane.

 

GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN ALVEOLI & BLOOD OR BLOOD TISSUE :-

ALVEOLI AND BLOOD  :- 

The gaseous exchange between Alveoli and blood the air gaseous exchange always moves from high pressure to low pressure 

1. In Alveoli the pressure of oxygen  (O2) is 104 mm/hg and the pressure of carbon dioxide (Co2) in Alveoli is 40 mm/hg and the pressure of (O2) oxygen in Blood  is 40 mm/hg and the pressure of CO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood is 45 mm/hg 
2. Now the air moves from High Pressure to Low Pressure means air moves from Alveoli to the Blood 
3.  Now the pressure of oxygen (O2) in Blood is 95 mm/hg and the prssure of carbon dioxide (Co2) in blood is 40 mm/hg.

BLOOD & TISSUE :-

The gaseous exchange between Blood to Tissue the air gaseous exchange always moves from high pressure to low pressure 

1. In Blood the pressure of oxygen  (O2) is 95 mm/hg and the pressure of carbon dioxide (Co2) in Tissue is 40 mm/hg and the pressure of (O2) oxygen in Tissue is 20 mm/hg and the pressure of CO2 (carbon dioxide) in Tissue is 45 mm/hg 
2. Now the air moves from High Pressure to Low Pressure means air moves from Blood to the Tissue.
3.  Now the pressure of oxygen (O2) in Tissue is depends on the tissue it’s range is (20 to40) mm/hg and the pressure of carbon dioxide (Co2) in Tissue is also depends on the Tissue the range will be (45 to 48) mm/hg .