Blood

What is blood and their work (2024)

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Blood and It’s Component’s :-

  • Total volume of blood is 5-6 Liter in human body.
  • The pH value of blood is 7.4 litre
  • Colour of blood in arterie’s = Bright Red
  • Colour of blood in vein’s =Dark Red
Plasma

Blood Contain’s

  •  55% Blood
  • White Blood cell’s and Platelet’s
  • Red Blood Cell’s

Plasma :-

Blood
Plasma

Definition :- Transport nutrient’s , hormones and proteins. It is a yellow liquid that makes up about 55% of the body’s blood volume. 

Plasma contain’s  Yellowish part of the blood

Plasma mainly contain’s 

  • H2O (90% – 92%)
  • Protein’s (6% – 9%)
  • Nutrient’s
  • Gases
  • Waste
  • Salt’s
  • Hormone’s
  • Heparin (anti – coagulant)
  • Coagulant Factor (inactive)

Type’s of Plasma :-

1. Albumin’s

2. Globulin’s 

3. Clotting (Fibrinogen)

Albumine :-

The albumine is maintain osmotic Balance of Blood.

Globulin’s :-

The other name of globulin is Immunoglobulin

The Immunoglobulin is also known as Antibodies.

Clotting Factor’s (Fibrinogen) :-

The clotting factor prevent excessive bleeding.

Formed Element’s :-

Plasma :- Transport nutrient’s , hormones and proteins. It is a yellow liquid that makes up about 55% of the body’s blood volume. 

Platelet’s :- Form clot’s to stop bleeding . Platelet’s make up less than 1% of blood.

Red Blood Cells :- Carry fresh oxygen through the body and remove CO2 (Carbon dioxide). RBC’s make up about 40% – 45%of blood.

White Blood Cells :- Part of the body’s  immune system , detect and fight viruses and bacteria. There are five major types of WBC’s and they make up less than 1% of blood.

Red Blood Cell’s :-

Red Blood Cell’s

It is also known as Erythrocytes

The Erythrocytes is divided into two part’s

The first is Erythro and the second is Cytes

  • The meaning of Erytro is Red 
  • The meaning of Cytes is Cell

The name of Erythrocytes is formed from Erythropoesis

  • The meaning of Erythropoesis is Red Bone Marrow.

Red Blood cell’s are started from Erythroblast . The meaning of blast precusor cell / mother cell

  • The formation / process of RBC is 
    • Erythroblast (Precursor cell)
    • Reticulocyte (Immature R.B.C.)
    • Mature R.B.C. is
      • Discoidal
      • Enucleated
      • Loss of organelles

The life spend of R.B.C. is 120 day’s .

After 120 day’s they goes in our graveyard of R.B.C. is spleen. Because after 120 day’s the R.B.C. was go into the spleen.

The Spleen is also known as Emergency blood blank of the body {in case of excessive bleeding spleen give RBC to the liver and liver divide the hemoglobin(Hb) }

Normal Value / amount / count in Male :- 5 to 5.5 million/mm^3

Female :- 4 to 4.5 million/mm^3

  • Abnormal condition :-
    • Number decreases :- Erythropenia / Anemia 
    • Number increases :- Polycythemia  

Transport of Gases (H.B.) O2:- Polycythemia 

CO2 :- Oxyheamoglobin

CO :- Carboxy (Hb)

White Blood Cell’s :-

White Blood Cell’s

(Soldier’s of body) 

Normal Count in W.B.C. = 6000 to 8000 / mm^3

Their are Mainly 2 types of WBC’s 

  • Granulocyte’s
    • Multilobed Nucles (Neutrophil)
    • Bilobed N/Essinophil (Acidophil)
    • S-Shaped (Basophil)
  • Agranulocyte’s
    • Monocyte’s (Largest WBC’s)
    • Lymphocyte’s
    •  (Smallest WBC)

Multilobed/Neutrophil :-

It is also known as “Poly morpho nuclear / Leucocyte (P.M.N.L.)”

  • The meaning of ‘Poly’ is “many” and the ‘morpho’ is “structure”
  • The meaning of ‘Leuco’ is “White” and the meaning of ‘cyte’ is “Cell’s”

Acidic and basic granules are present in this W.B.C.

  • Acidic show red in colour
  • Basic show blue in colour

Phagocytosis (they attack first on forein body particle’s).

Bilobed N / Eosinophil :-

  • It is also known as “acidophil”.
  • Acidic granule’s are present in this W.B.C.
    • The acidic granules are show red in colour.
  • They are active in allergies.

S-Shaped N/Basophil :-

It is also known as “Secretory”

Basic granules are present in this W.B.C.

  • Basic granules are shown blue in colour.
  • They secret –
    • Heparin (anticoagulant)
    • Histamine (Inflammation :- Pain , swalling , Redness )
    • Serotonin ( Anti – Inflammation)

Monocyte’s :-

It is the largest W.B.C.

The shape of the Nucleus just like Kidney.

In the Monocytes W.B.C. they contain Macrophages.

Lymphocyte’s :-

It is the smallest W.B.C. 

The Lymphocyte’s contain’s “Large Nucleus”

In the Lymphocytes the nucleus cover’s “Scanty cytoplasm”

The lymphocytes contain’s “Immune System (Anti-bodies)”

Abnormal Condition of W.B.C. Number’s :-

  • When Number of W.B.C. is increase’s is known as“Leucocytosis”
  • When Number of W.B.C. is decrease’s is known as“Leucopenia”
  • When Number of W.B.C. is more increase’s is known as “Leukaemia”
    • Leukaemia is also known as “Blood Cancer”

Platelet’s :-

The other name of Platelet’s is Thrombocytes 

  • The meaning of the Thrombocus is “clot“

The Thrombocytopoesis is drived from “Red Bone Marrow“ 

  • Platelet’s are irregular
    • Cell fragment 
    • Enucleated
    • Sticky
    • Delicated

Abnormal Condition’s :-

  • When the Number are decrease’s :- Thrombocytopenia
  • When the Number are increase’s :- Thrombocytosis
Coagulation :-
  • Heparin (inactive on oxidation)
  • Formation of Permanent Clot Formation Process
    • Tissue injury
    • Platelet’s rapture or Aggregation of Platelet’s (This is temporary clot formation)
    • Release Thromoboplastic
    • Thrombokinase
      • Thrombokinase
        • Prothrombin(Inactive)
        • Thrombin(Active)
        • Fibrinogen
        • Fibrin
          • Fibrin :- It’s deals with Dead cell’s and it makes clot / Thrombus.

Blood Groups :-

Father of blood group is Karl Lardsteiner.

Blood group discovered in ‘1901’

Theory of Karl Lardsteiner’s :-

I have recently observed and started that the serum of normal people is capable of clumping the red cell’s of other healthy individuals . As commonly expressed, it can be said that in these cases at least two different kinds of agglutinins exit , one kind A, the other in B, both together in C. The cell’s are naturally insensitive to the agglutinins in their own serum.

Blood Group’s :-

Table
  • Blood group’s mainly depend’s upon Protein.
  • Antigen’s are present on the surface of R.B.C.
    • Their are mainly two types of Antigen’s 
      • ABO System
      • Rh System

A.B.O. System :-

Blood Group’s are

  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O

Ag{Antigen’s} (R.B.C. Surface)

  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • None

Antibodies (AB) in Plasma 

  • Antibody – B  {Antigen – A}
  • Antibody – A {Antigen – B}
  • No Antibody {Antigen – AB}
  • Antibody A & B {Antigen – O}

Mismatching of Blood Group :-

When the blood group is mismatched then the blood cells will be destroy.

At the antigen (A) the antibody (B) are present 

  • Antigen O can contain both antigen’s (A and B) both are present .
  • Antigen O is universal Donar.

{Group A}  (Ab) = Antibody B , Ag(Antigen)=A , Donate to= group A & AB , Receive from= A&O

{Group B}  (Ab) = Antibody A , Ag(Antigen)=B , Donate to= group B & AB , Receive from= B&O

{Group A & B}  (Ab) = Antibody (None) , Ag(Antigen)=A&B , Donate to= group AB , Receive from= A, B, AB, and O(Universal Receiver)

{Group O } (Ab) = Antibody A&B , Ag(Antigen)=None , Donate to= group O, A, B, A & AB(Universal Donar) , Receive from= O.

Rh System :-

Rh Factor

Rh stands from “Rhesus Monkey” it is discovered from the Rhesus Monkey. 

If on the R.B.C. cell’s the Rh cell’s are present then we known as ‘Rh Positive’ if Rh cell’s are absent then we known as ‘Rh negative’.

Rh positive is known as donar Rh positive always gives both positive’s or negative’s (Rh) but Rh negative’s can only take’s from negative. 

  • An the Antigen’s Rh positive are present but Rh negative are absent.
  • In the Antibodies Rh positive are absent but Rh negative are present.
  • Rh positive can receive from Rh positive and Rh negative but Rh negative can receive from Rh negative.
  • Rh positive can receive from Rh positive and Rh negative but Rh negative can receive from Rh negative.
  • Rh positive can donate to the Rh positive and Rh negative can donate to the Rh positive and Rh negative both.

Rh incompatibility :-

{The Rh incompatibility always occurs between the mother and the baby after 1st pregnancy and they will be effect during 2nd after 2nd pregnancy.

They will be affect on the baby due to Rh incompatibility baby will be born Still dead.}

Normal Rh incompatibility

  • If Mother is Rh positive and Father is Rh positive then baby is also Rh positive.
  • If Mother is Rh negative and Father is also Rh negative then baby is also Rh negative.
  • If Mother is Rh positive and Father is Rh negative then baby is also Rh positive.

Abnormal Rh incompatibility

  • If Mother is Rh negative and Father is Rh positive then baby is also Rh positive

This condition leads to Erythroblastosis Foetalsis / Haemolytic Disease of Newborn (H.D.N.)

  • During the first pregnancy IgM will never cross the placenta because IgM size will be bigger.
  • During the second pregnancy IgG will cross the placenta because 
    • IgG destroy the foetal R.B.C.
      • When IgG destroy then Severe Anaemia and severe Jaundice can be done.

To prevent from IgG the injection will be given to the mother after the 1st delivery . So the injection (Rhogma) will create the brarrier for the IgG then the baby will be normal.